41 research outputs found
The Mass of Graviton and Its Relation to the Number of Information according to the Holographic Principle
We investigate the relation of the mass of the graviton to the number of information in a flat universe. As a result we find that the mass of the graviton scales as gr â 1/â. Furthermore, we find that the number of gravitons contained inside the observable horizon is directly proportional to the number of information ; that is, gr â . Similarly, the total mass of gravitons that exist in the universe is proportional to the number of information ; that is, gr â â. In an effort to establish a relation between the graviton mass and the basic parameters of the universe, we find that the mass of the graviton is simply twice the Hubble mass as it is defined by Gerstein et al. (2003), times the square root of the quantity â 1/2, where is the deceleration parameter of the universe. In relation to the geometry of the universe we find that the mass of the graviton varies according to the relation gr â âsc, and therefore gr obviously controls the geometry of the space time through a deviation of the geodesic spheres from the spheres of Euclidean metric
The Number of Information Bits Related to the Minimum Quantum and Gravitational Masses in a Vacuum Dominated Universe
Wesson obtained a limit on quantum and gravitational mass in the universe by
combining the cosmological constant Lambda, Planck constant, the speed of light
c, and also the gravitational constant G. The corresponding masses are
2.0x10E-62 kg and 2.3E+54 kg respectively, and in general can be obtained with
the help of a generic dimensional analysis, or from an analysis where the
cosmological constant appears in a four dimensional space-time and as a result
of a higher dimensional reduction. In this paper our goal is to establish a
relation for both quantum and gravitational mass as function of the information
number bit N. For this reason, we first derive an expression for the
cosmological constant as a function of information bit, since both masses
depend on it, and then various resulting relations are explored, in relation to
information number of bits N. Fractional information bits imply no information
extraction is possible. We see, that the order of magnitude of the various
parameters as well as their ratios involve the large number 10E+122, that is
produced naturally from the fundamental parameters of modern cosmology.
Finally, we propose that in a complete quantum gravity theory the idea of
information the might have to be included, with the quantum bits of information
(q-bits) as one of its fundamental parameters, resulting thus to a more
complete understanding of the universe, its laws, and its evolution.Comment: Cosmological constant, quantum mass, gravitational mass, information
bit, fractional information bit, large number hypothesi
Bekenstein Bound of Information Number N and its Relation to Cosmological Parameters in a Universe with and without Cosmological Constant
Bekenstein has obtained is an upper limit on the entropy S, and from that, an
information number bound N is deduced. In other words, this is the information
contained within a given finite region of space that includes a finite amount
of energy. Similarly, this can be thought as the maximum amount of information
required to perfectly describe a given physical system down to its quantum
level. If the energy and the region of space are finite then the number of
information N required in describing the physical system is also finite. In
this short letter two information number bounds are derived and compared for
two types of universe. First, a universe without a cosmological constant lamda
and second a universe with a cosmological constant lamda are investigated. This
is achieved with the derivation of two different relations that connect the
Hubble constant and cosmological constants to the number of information N. We
find that the number of information N involved in a the two universes are
identical or
N1=N2, and that the total mass of the universe scales as the square root of
the information number N, containing an information number N of the order of
10E+122. Finally, we expressed Calogero quantization action as a function of
the number of information N. We also have found that in self gravitating
systems the number of information N in nats is the ratio of the total kinetic
to total thermal energy of the system.Comment: Bekenstein bound, cosmological constant, information, nats, entropy,
mass of the universe, self-gravitating systems, Calogero's conjectur
Fractal Growth on the Surface of a Planet and in Orbit around it
Fractals are defined as geometric shapes that exhibit symmetry of scale. This
simply implies that fractal is a shape that it would still look the same even
if somebody could zoom in on one of its parts an infinite number of times. This
property is also called self-similarity with several applications including
nano pharmacology and drug nano carriers. We are interested in the study of the
properties of fractal aggregates in a microgravity environment above an
orbiting spacecraft. To model the effect we use a complete expression for the
gravitational acceleration. In particular on the surface of the Earth the
acceleration is corrected for the effect of oblateness and rotation. In the
gravitational acceleration the effect of oblateness can be modeled with the
inclusion of a term that contains the J2 harmonic coefficient, as well as a
term that depends on the square of angular velocity of the Earth. In orbit the
acceleration of gravity at the point of the spacecraft is a function of the
orbital elements and includes only in our case the J2 harmonic since no
coriolis force is felt by the spacecraft. Using the fitting parameter d = 3.0
we have found that the aggregate monomer number N is not significantly affected
and exhibits a minute 0.0001% difference between the geocentric and areocentric
latitudes of 90 degrees and 0 degrees. Finally for circular and elliptical
orbits around Earth and Mars of various inclinations and eccentricities the
aggregate monomer number is not affected at all at the orbital altitude of 300
km.Comment: 24 pages, 10 Figures, Springer journal Microgravity - Science and
Technology, 2014 (accepted, in press
Satellite Motion in a Manev Potential with Drag
In this paper, we consider a satellite orbiting in a Manev gravitational
potential under the influence of an atmospheric drag force that varies with the
square of velocity. Using an exponential atmosphere that varies with the
orbital altitude of the satellite, we examine a circular orbit scenario. In
particular, we derive expressions for the change in satellite radial distance
as a function of the drag force parameters and obtain numerical results. The
Manev potential is an alternative to the Newtonian potential that has a wide
variety of applications, in astronomy, astrophysics, space dynamics, classical
physics, mechanics, and even atomic physics.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astrophysics and Space Scienc
Effects in the Anomalistic Period of Celestial Bodies due to a Logarithmic Correction to the Newtonian Gravitational Potential
We study the motion of a secondary celestial body under the influence of the
logarithmic corrected gravitational force of a primary one. This kind of
correction was introduced by Fabris et al. (2009). We derive two equations to
compute the rate of change of the periastron w.r.t. the eccentric anomaly and
its total variation over one revolution, In a kinematical sense, this influence
produces an apsidal motion. We perform numerical estimations for Mercury and
for the companion star of the pulsar PSR 1913+16. We also consider the case of
the artificial Earth satellite GRACE-A, but the results present a low degree of
reliability from a practical standpointComment: 12 pages, 5 figures, Published in Astrophysics and Space Science,
201
Kretschmann Invariant and Relations Between Spacetime Singularities Entropy and Information
Curvature invariants are scalar quantities constructed from tensors that represent curvature. One of the most basic polynomial curvature invariants in general relativity is the Kretschmann scalar. This study is an investigation of this curvature invariant and the connection of geometry to entropy and information of different metrics and black holes. The scalar gives the curvature of the spacetime as a function of the radial distance r in the vicinity as well as inside of the black hole. We derive the Kretschmann Scalar (KS) first for a fifth force metric that incorporates a Yukawa correction, then for a Yukawa type of Schwarzschild black hole, for a Reissner-Nordstrom black hole and finally an internal star metric. Then we investigate the relation and derive the curvatureâs dependence on the entropy S and number of information N. Finally we discuss the settings in which the entropyâs full range of positive and negative values would have a meaningful interpretation. The Kretschmann scalar helps us understand the black holeâs appearance as a âwhole entityâ. It can be applied in solar mass size black holes, neutron stars or supermassive black holes at the center of various galaxies
The Lense-Thirring Effect in the Anomalistic Period of Celestial Bodies
In the weak field and slow motion approximation, the general relativistic field equations are linearized, resembling those of the electromagnetic theory. In a way analogous to that of a moving charge generating a magnetic field, a mass-energy current can produce a gravitomagnetic field. In this contribution, the motion of a secondary celestial body is studied under the influence of the gravitomagnetic force generated by a spherical primary. More specifically, two equations are derived to approximate the periastron time rate of change and its total variation over one revolution (i.e., the difference between the anomalistic period and the Keplerian period). Kinematically, this influence results to an apsidal motion. The aforementioned quantities are numerically estimated for Mercury, the companion star of the pulsar PSR 1913+16, the companion planet of the star HD 80606 and the artificial Earth satellite GRACE-A. The case of the artificial Earth satellite GRACE-A is also considered, but the results present a low degree of reliability from a practical standpoint
Dynamics and Stability of the Two Body Problem with Yukawa Correction
We explore the dynamics and stability of the two body problem by modifying the Newtonian potential with the Yukawa potential. This model may be considered a theory of modified gravity; where the interaction is not simply the kepler solution for large distance. The stability is investigated by deriving the Jacobian of the linearized matrix equation and evaluating the eigenvalues of the various equilibrium points calculated during the analysis. The subcases of a purely Yukawa and purely Newtonian potential are also explored
Number of Information and its Relation to the Cosmological Constant Resulting from Landauerâs Principle
Using a recent published formula for the number of information N that results from Landauerâs principle we obtain an expression for the cosmological constant Î . Next, assuming the universe as a system of mass M satisfying Landauerâs principle and eliminating its mass M from the given expression for the number of information, we obtain a new expression that agrees with the one derived by Lloyd. Furthermore, we modify the generalized entropy relation and three equivalent entropy expressions are obtained. Finally, in two different universes the time rate of change of the entropy is calculated. In a flat universe the time rate of the entropy is time independent and depends on fundamental constants of physics